These are the bosses that award the "Seven Military Classics" item, that gives 1 point in each stat.
I assume that there are only 7, since each boss has a unique weapon type, if there is potentially an unarmed boss, I have yet to find him.
Chapter 1
Boss 1: Maita region. Directly North of Maita Castle Ruins in the valley
Boss 2: Shibo region. SW of the Terraced Rice Fields photo location to the left of the small lake
Boss 3: Hiranuma-Shinden region. Directly East of the firearm training on the beach
Chapter 2
Boss 1: Shiba region. Just north of the View of the Bay at Shiba photo on the beach
Boss 2: Senzoku region. Eastern Veiled Edge Banner and glide to the south to a dock on the water
Boss 3: Kanda region. North of the Stable in the valley
Chapter 3
Boss 1: Shirakawa region. East of Shimogamo shrine
I'm also aware of the One-Eyed Demon that appears in the first village you encounter in the game, however he doesn't drop any unique loot nor does he have a chest with a book near him